自然界并不天然存在的光:激光

2025-03-05

其实激光并不属于自然界天然存在的光,它是通过一种物理原理形成的光。如果想要明白激光是怎样产生的,就需要了解几个物理概念。第一个概念是跃迁。在目前已知的科学体系中,所有的物质都是由原子构成的,而原子又是由原子核和核外电子构成的。处于不同能级的轨道上的核外电子围绕原子核进行绕核运动。位于低能级轨道上的电子想转移到高能级轨道需要吸收一定的能量,反过来,高能级轨道上的电子想转移到低能级轨道上就要释放一部分多余的能量。第二个概念是发光过程。一般情况下,在没有外界影响的状态下,高能级的原子会自发地向低能级跃迁,并将多余的能量以发光的形式释放出来,这种发光的过程被称作自发辐射。平时我们家里使用的日光灯和白炽灯等的发光原理就是如此。

此外,还有一种发光过程——受激辐射。当原子处于某种激发态时,有电势能(E)合适的光子从该原子附近通过,该原子就会释放出一个具有同样电势能的光子从而跃迁到低能级状态。这个被释放出的光子继续与其他原子发生受激辐射作用,就会产生越来越多具有相同电势能的光子。它们的频率、偏振状态和传播方向都是相同的,当这些相同的光子一同发生能量激发时,就会产生一种不发散的强光,也就是我们想要一探究竟的激光。

激光除了有不发散的特点外,还具有亮度高、方向性好、单色性好等特点。根据不同的特点,激光可以被应用在不同的方面。

例如激光电视,即:通过“激光光源+超短焦镜头+抗光屏幕”的激光电视技术路线,成功挑战人眼视觉的分辨极限,实现超高清、高保真的图像再现。

同样,也可以利用激光能量集中和平行度高的特性,进行激光测距、激光雷达和激光准直等的使用,其中激光雷达更是优势显著。与太空卫星通过监测太阳光穿过地球大气层达到地面再反射回卫星的方式不同,主动激光雷达直接从空中向地面发射一股激光,因其激光稳定性好难发散,不易受云层和气溶胶的影响,加上是自发发光,也不受白天和黑夜的影响,可以进行夜间观测,能更全面地进行数据监测和分析。

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